Devices and methods for determination of bioavailability of pollutants

ABSTRACT

A method and system for enabling the determination of kinetic rates of reaction within a fluid of interest including directing fluid flow exiting a test bed to a multi-port switching valve. The multi-port switching valve switches the fluid to a number of channels connected to a number of interchangeable in-flow extraction cartridges. Analytes of interest from the fluid flow are captured on an extraction medium to accumulate over time. Rates are determined by (i) sequentially channeling the fluid through each of the plurality of flow paths for a preselected time duration, (ii) analyzing the extraction cartridges, and computing the kinetic rate of reaction.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

Related technology is disclosed in pending PCT patent applicationpublication WO/2009/105241, published on Aug. 27, 2009, and entitled“Methods and Systems for Ground and Surface Water Sampling andAnalysis,” pending PCT patent application publication WO 2011/140270published on Nov. 10, 2011, and entitled “Methods and Systems forUltra-Trace Analysis of Liquids,” and pending U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 12/702,033, filed on Feb. 8, 2010, entitled “Methods andSystems for Fluid Examination and Remediation,” (herein referred to asthe related patent applications) both to a co-inventor of the presentapplication, Rolf Halden, of which the entire contents of each areincorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

Related technology is also disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,662,618 issuedon Feb. 16, 2010, entitled “Method and Apparatus for EnvironmentalMonitoring and Bioprospecting,” a US patent application havingpublication number 2007/0161076, published Jul. 12, 2007, entitled“Methods and Systems for Sampling, Screening, and Diagnosis,” and a USpatent application having publication number 2010/0159502, published onJun. 24, 2010, entitled “Method and Apparatus for EnvironmentalMonitoring and Bioprospecting,” of which the entire contents of each areincorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

This application is a divisional application of co-pending U.S.application Ser. No. 14/112,711, having a filing date of Apr. 17, 2012,which is a 371 national phase entry of PCT Application No.PCT/US12/33912 filed Apr. 17, 2012, and claims the priority thereof.U.S. application Ser. No. 14/112,711 is incorporated herein byreference.

STATEMENT REGARDING US FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

This invention was made with Government support under grant numbers R01ES015445 and R01 ES020889 awarded by the National Institutes of Health.The Government has certain rights in this invention.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a method for contaminant samplecollection in aquatic or saturated sedimentary environments and to amethod for enabling the determination of kinetic rates within a fluid ofinterest. More particularly, the invention relates to a method for theacquisition of samples that accurately represent the bioavailability ofpollutants in aquatic and water saturated sedimentary environments.

BACKGROUND

Persistent contaminants may be present in very low environmentalconcentrations and yet exert considerable effects on living organismsthrough the phenomenon of bioaccumulation. Current sample collection,preparation, and analysis practices in environmental engineering thatcharacterize the bioavailability of such compounds may underestimate oroverestimate the actual concentrations affecting aquatic or sedimentarybiota exposed to such compounds.

Contamination of U.S. surface water sediments is a daunting problemrequiring novel solutions for monitoring and remediation. According tothe U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), some 1.2 billion cubicyards of U.S. surficial water sediments (i.e., as found in the top 5 cmof the water surface) are contaminated with toxic pollutants to a degreethat poses potential risks to fish as well as to fish-consuming wildlifeand humans. Whereas the presence of contaminants in sediments warrantsinvestigation to protect ecosystems and public health, it has long beenappreciated that sediment pollution does not necessarily pose a riskthat is directly proportional to the mass of contaminants present.Instead, the bioavailability of the pollutants is key information thatneeds to be known to inform risk assessments for potential human healthimpacts.

The need for bioavailability data has triggered a renewed interest inthe development of novel sampling strategies for the determination oftruly dissolved contaminant mass in both bulk water and pore water. Dueto partitioning and sorption of contaminants to sediment constituents,including organic carbon, black carbon and soot, the bioavailablecontaminant mass of organic pollutants in the dissolved or easilydesorbable state typically is only a small fraction of the total mass ofthe respective contaminant in sediment (typically determined viaextraction at high temperature and/or pressure with aggressive organicsolvents).

A number of passive sampling strategies have been introduced to enableconvenient and inexpensive determination of contaminant concentrationsin sediment pore water and bulk water of polluted aquatic environments.While these systems represent a significant advance in environmentalmonitoring, they also have a number of limitations. Passive samplerswhich are based on polyethylene and similar sorbents typically captureonly a limited spectrum of contaminants and may require performancereference compounds (PRCs) to produce reliable results. Convertinganalyte mass on the sampler to units of concentration also can bechallenging. They also are fragile and may be subject to biodegradationduring in situ incubation.

As disclosed in the applications referenced above, FIGS. 1A and 1Bprovide a schematic of a prior art device in use. Environmental waterenters the device 1 through the water intake zone 103. Water iscollected in the optional multi-channel reservoir 105 concomitantlyduring the time period of sampling if desired, either short or longterm. During sampling, the pump 107 is used to apply the sample to thenon-aqueous collection matrix cartridges 111 at the appropriate flowrate and to deliver, a split sample to the optional reservoir 105 ifdesired. The separation process is demonstrated schematically. Thereservoir includes spots of four different shades of gray. After passingthrough the pump and contacting the non-aqueous collection matrixcolumns 111, each of the columns has turned the same shade of gray asone of the spots, representing that each column binds a specificanalyte. As in the previous figure, the water from the columns isdischarged either above or below the sampling zone to preventcontamination of the sample. It is understood that some types ofnon-aqueous collection matrices can bind more than one analyte.

Still referring to the referenced patent applications, FIGS. 2A and 2Bprovide a schematic of an individual non-aqueous collection matrixcolumn 111 that binds a single analyte. Prior to exposure to the sample,the non-aqueous collection matrix includes multiple empty analytebinding sites 301. After contacting the non-aqueous collection matrixwith the sample 303, the analyte 305 that specifically binds thenon-aqueous collection matrix is bound to the non-aqueous collectionmatrix in the column. The analytes or other components of the samplethat do not bind the non-aqueous collection matrix 307, passes throughthe column without binding to the non-aqueous collection matrix.

Still referring to the referenced patent applications, FIGS. 3A and 3Bshow a prior art sampling device wherein a real time sensor 401 isattached to the non-aqueous collection matrix column 403 to allow fordetection of the analyte 405 bound to the column. In the embodiment, thereal time sensor is further connected for signal transmission, with wire407 or wirelessly, to a data logger to record the presence of theanalyte bound to the sensor. Data can be sent to the data logger attimed intervals, continuously, upon a certain event such as saturationof the column. In an embodiment, a real time sensor can be used toanalyze the liquid and the constituents therein 409 that do not bind tothe column. In one embodiment, the liquid and the constituents containedtherein 409 also can be diverted to the reservoir 105 for apost-deployment determination of the collection efficiency of thenon-aqueous collection matrix cartridges 111.

In environmental studies, it also is desirable to obtain a series oftime-discrete samples to enable the calculation of rates, for example,of biotransformation and pollutant destruction. Currently, this requiresthe acquisition, storage and analysis of multiple fluid samples,analysis results of which can inform the rate determinationcalculations. Storage of large volumes of fluids can be problematic whenspace is limited or when the analytes of interest are labile and subjectto ready disintegration. The present disclosure provides new and novelsolutions to overcome the problems inherent in the art related tostoring large volumes of unstable liquids. Here disclosed is a methodthat enables rate determination without requiring the storage andpreservation of multiple fluid samples. Although the referenced patentapplications disclose technology that has advanced the art, improvementis needed particularly for measurements carried out in aquatic andsaturated sedimentary environments. The present disclosure provides newand novel solutions to overcome the limitations inherent in the art.These apparatuses and methods are suitable to make measurements ofbioavailability of pollutants. As such, they enable a determination ofwhether a given environment is posing risks to humans and otherbiological species due to pollutants that have accumulated in sediments.This information is critically needed by regulatory agencies overseeingand consulting firms serving potentially responsible parties (PRPs) forenvironmental pollution.

Additionally, it is important to determine information on the kineticsof reactions and processes of interest to address the growing publicconcern about environmental contamination and its impact on health,agriculture, water supplies and other detrimental effects in the U.S.and around the world. As a result, it is becoming increasing importantto demonstrate the effectiveness of environmental remediation processes,even long after a particular remediation site may have been shut down,for example. It is desirable that measurements provide accurate proof oflong-term effects and not just discrete time samples (a.k.a. grabsamples) or time-average samples, which may or may not be acceptable asreliable evidence of effectiveness in a legal setting, for example.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in asimplified form that are further described below in the DetailedDescription. This summary is not intended to identify key features ofthe claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid indetermining the scope of the claimed subject matter.

In one aspect, a method for contaminant mass collection in saturatedsedimentary environments for bioavailability determination is disclosed.The method includes securing a casing including a screen to a shell toform an in situ device, where the casing provides a permeable interfacebetween the environment that is subject to sampling and the shell andwhere the casing and shell hold a water intake zone, at least one pump,sorptive media, and wherein the water intake zone, the at least onepump, the screen and the sorptive media, are all operably linked insequence, and the screen is in fluid communication with the water intakezone so as to exclude sediments and aquatic life of a size predeterminedby the pores of the screen and endemic to the selected environment. Thein situ device is deployed in the selected environment, wherein theselected environment includes a saturated sedimentary environment. Thepump operates to concentrate analytes from the selected environment inthe sorptive media, where the concentrated analytes include the analytemass of time-weighted fluid samples.

In one aspect the pump comprises a multi-channel pump.

In one aspect the at least one channel comprises at least two extractioncartridges in series containing the same sorptive media.

In one aspect deploying the in situ device includes vertically deployingthe in situ device.

In another aspect vertically deploying the in situ device comprisesdirect-push deployment or augering.

In yet another aspect, the method further includes filtering the waterintake to exclude colloidal particles larger than transported ordissolved species in the selected environment.

In yet another aspect, the sorptive media is selected (ii) to simulateuptake of pollutants into biological organisms or (iii) for optimalcollector efficiency, including concentration of contaminants that existin concentration levels below the detection limits of conventionallaboratory methods for competitive sample volumes.

In yet another aspect, the method includes operating the pump toconcentrate analytes to collect depth-discrete samples from pore waterin saturated sediments in situ.

In yet another aspect, the method includes time-averaged collection ofsaid samples over arbitrary periods of time, and analysis of transportphenomena (e.g., dissolved vs. particulate).

In yet another aspect, deploying the in situ device comprises placingthe in situ device in a sediment, keeping it buried in the sedimentuntil the interstitial water between the mesh and the casing of the insitu device is in equilibrium with the pore water of the sediment, andactivating the pump to pass the water through the sorptive media.

In yet another aspect, the method includes operating the pumpcontinuously at flow rate so that withdrawn water is replaced in theinterstitial volume by pore water from the sediment.

In yet another aspect, the method includes operating the pumpintermittently so as to pass the entire volume of the interstitial waterthrough the extraction cartridges.

In yet another aspect, the method includes using a piece of tubingrunning from the in situ device up to the bulk water to enablereplacement of the withdrawn volume of water.

In yet another aspect, the concentrated analytes include a concentrationof pollutants that sediment-dwelling biota are exposed to.

In yet another aspect, the method includes collecting bulk waterconcentrations.

In yet another aspect, the method includes measuring a contaminant ratioof bulk water to pore water.

In yet another aspect, the method includes determining of pollutantconcentrations in pore water and pollutant concentrations in bulk watercombined with analyzing of resident, sediment dwelling biota (e.g.,worm) and resident bulk-water dwelling biota; and

calculating approximate pollutant concentrations in biota living insediment and bulk water, respectively.

In yet another aspect, the method includes predicting a level ofexposure for organisms that are in contact with both bulk water andsediment pore water by computing an additional bioaccumulation factor topredict their level of exposure and body burden.

In yet another aspect, the at least one pump comprises a multi-channelpump.

In yet another aspect, pore water taken into the in situ device isfractionated into (i) unfiltered pore water, (ii) filtered pore water,and (iii) ultra-filtered, colloid-depleted pore water.

In yet another aspect, parallel selected extraction resins are used inparallel to extract contaminant groups including ionic, non-ionic anddiffering hydrophobic properties.

In yet another aspect, the method includes elution of the extractedcontaminant groups followed by toxicity assays.

Also disclosed is a device for contaminant mass collection in saturatedsedimentary environments for bioavailability determination including

a casing comprising a water intake zone wherein the casing encloses,

a pump, and

sorptive media, wherein the water intake zone, the pump, and the

sorptive media, are all operably linked in sequence; and

a screen providing an interface between the device and the environment.

In one aspect the screen includes a mesh sleeve encasing a cage, themesh sleeve being in fluid communication with the water intake zone, themesh sleeve having a mesh size selected to exclude sediments and aquaticlife endemic to the environment.

In one aspect the in situ device includes a cone or auger attached toone end of the device.

In another aspect, the in situ device further includes a plurality offilters proximate to the water intake and sized to exclude colloidalparticles, where the colloidal particles are larger than transported ordissolved species in the environment in which the device is deployed.

In another aspect the in situ device screen has an entrance closed by asolid or mesh lid.

In one example of the invention, a method for enabling the determinationof kinetic rates within a fluid of interest is disclosed includingdirecting fluid flow exiting a test bed to a multi-port switching valve;

controlling the multi-port switching valve to switch the fluid to eachof a plurality of channels for a selected time duration;

connecting each of the plurality of channels to at least one in-flowextraction cartridge;

concentrating analytes of interest from the fluid flow;

capturing the analytes of interest on at least one extraction medium;and

determining rates by (i) sequentially channeling the fluid through theextraction flow paths, (ii) retrieving the charged extractioncartridges, (iii) analyzing the extraction cartridges, and computing thekinetic rate of interest.

In another example of the invention, analytes are trapped on theextraction media and the fluid, depleted of the analytes of interest, isemptied into the environment, a temporary holding bladder, or individualeffluent bags.

In another example of the invention, the kinetic rate of interestcomprises the slope of a straight line on a linear or log-linear dataplot.

In another example of the invention, the at least one in-flow extractioncartridge comprises a plurality of extraction media that can be arrangedin parallel or in sequence.

Another example of the invention further comprises (i) preserving oflabile analytes of interest on extraction media for stabilization, (ii)determination of kinetic rates of interest, and does so (iii) withoutrequiring retrieval and analysis of the fluid flow subsamples.

In another example of the invention a system for enabling thedetermination of kinetic rates within a fluid of interest comprising:

a conduit for directing fluid flow exiting a test bed to a multi-portswitching valve;

a controller coupled to the multi-port switching valve to controlswitching the fluid to each of a plurality of channels for a selectedtime duration;

wherein each of the plurality of channels is coupled to at least onein-flow extraction cartridge having at least one extraction medium forconcentrating analytes of interest from the fluid flow to capture theanalytes of interest on the at least one extraction medium; and

a processor for determining rates by (i) sequentially channeling thefluid through the extraction flow paths, (ii) retrieving the chargedextraction cartridges, (iii) analyzing the extraction cartridges, andcomputing the kinetic rate of interest.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

While the novel features of the invention are set forth withparticularity in the appended claims, the invention, both as toorganization and content, will be better understood and appreciated,along with other objects and features thereof, from the followingdetailed description taken in conjunction with the drawings, in which:

FIGS. 1A and 1B are schematics illustrating the collection of timeintegrated samples in a groundwater monitoring well and concomitantconcentration of various analytes in multiple sampling collectors of theprior art.

FIGS. 2A and 2B are schematics of a prior art embodiment of the analytecollector showing the concentration of a specific analyte fromgroundwater over time.

FIGS. 3A and 3B are schematics of a prior art embodiment of the analytecollector equipped with a real-time sensor suitable for in situdetection of analytes concentrated from groundwater.

FIG. 4 schematically shows an example of a device deployed in sedimentfor simultaneous sampling of bulk and pore water at differing flowrates.

FIG. 5A schematically shows an example of a typical embodiment of theinner workings of a device constructed along the principles disclosed inthe related patent applications referenced hereinabove (an “IS2device”), in which liquid is drawn in through an aperture or tube by apump and pass through sorptive media cartridges in series and/orparallel.

FIG. 5B schematically shows a further example of a typical embodiment ofan IS2 device enclosed in its deployment shell.

FIG. 5C schematically shows an example of a novel in situ samplingdevice of the present disclosure which is based on a modification of theIS2 device (an “ISB2 device”) featuring a cage or frame added to an IS2device for deployment of in an aquatic or sedimentary environment.

FIG. 5D schematically shows an example of a novel ISB2 device is shownfeaturing a mesh sleeve in which it is inserted.

FIG. 5E schematically shows an example of an operable IS2B device isshown, framed and enclosed in a mesh sleeve, for deployment in anaquatic or sedimentary environment.

FIG. 6 schematically shows an example deployment of a novel modified IS2device in a saturated sediment.

FIG. 7A schematically shows an example of horizontal deployment of amodified IS2 device in a saturated sediment.

FIG. 7B schematically shows an example of vertical deployment by directpush or by augering in a saturated sediment.

FIG. 8 schematically shows an example of cartridges coupled in series asused in one example embodiment.

FIG. 9 schematically shows an example of a method for enabling thedetermination of kinetic rates within a fluid of interest withoutrequiring storage and analysis of said liquid.

FIG. 10 schematically shows an example of system for enabling thedetermination of kinetic rates within a fluid of interest.

FIG. 11 schematically shows an example of data analysis for thedetermination of kinetic rates within a fluid of interest.

FIG. 12 represents a hypothetical example of data analysis for thedetermination of kinetic rates in a logarithmic plot for assessingfirst-order rate kinetics.

FIG. 13 represents an example of experimental results for time discretemonitoring of perchlorate and nitrate containing liquids reflective ofan industrial site to which sodium acetate (Na acetate) was added toeffect biologically mediated contaminant removal.

FIG. 14 represents an example of experimental laboratory resultssubstantially replicating time discrete monitoring of monitored naturalattenuation (MNA) from an industrial site.

FIG. 15 represents an example of experimental laboratory resultssubstantially replicating composite effluent analysis of effluents ofmicrocosms reflective of an industrial site.

FIG. 16 represents an example of experimental laboratory resultssubstantially comparing the process of rate determination for anindustrial site using time discrete sampling versus composite sampling.

In the drawings, identical reference numbers identify similar elementsor components. The sizes and relative positions of elements in thedrawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. For example, the shapes ofvarious elements and angles are not drawn to scale, and some of theseelements are arbitrarily enlarged and positioned to improve drawinglegibility. Further, the particular shapes of the elements as drawn, arenot intended to convey any information regarding the actual shape of theparticular elements, and have been solely selected for ease ofrecognition in the drawings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The following disclosure describes several embodiments and systems forcontaminant mass collection in saturated sedimentary environments forbioavailability determination and for enabling the determination ofkinetic rates within a fluid of interest. Several features of methodsand systems in accordance with example embodiments are set forth anddescribed in the Figures. It will be appreciated that methods andsystems in accordance with other example embodiments can includeadditional procedures or features different than those shown in theFigures. Example embodiments are described herein with respect toanalysis of environmental conditions. However, it will be understoodthat these examples are for the purpose of illustrating the principles,and that the invention is not so limited. Additionally, methods andsystems in accordance with several example embodiments may not includeall of the features shown in the Figures.

Unless the context requires otherwise, throughout the specification andclaims which follow, the word “comprise” and variations thereof, suchas, “comprises” and “comprising” are to be construed in an open,inclusive sense that is as “including, but not limited to.”

Reference throughout this specification to “one example” or “an exampleembodiment,” “one embodiment,” “an embodiment” or combinations and/orvariations of these terms means that a particular feature, structure orcharacteristic described in connection with the embodiment is includedin at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. Thus, theappearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” invarious places throughout this specification are not necessarily allreferring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features,structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner inone or more embodiments.

Definitions

Generally, as used herein, the following terms have the followingmeanings when used within the context of contaminant sample collectionin aquatic or saturated sedimentary environments:

“Aquatic environment” has its generally accepted meaning and is intendedto include an environmental compartment occupied by a fluid, such as abulk liquid or bulk water.

“Saturated sedimentary environment” has its generally accepted meaningand is intended to include an environmental compartment occupied by amixture consisting of at least one fluid and at least one solid, forexample, a heterogeneous mixture of liquids and solids such as sedimentof a surface water (e.g., a lake) containing sediment and tissue frombiota.

“IS2 system or IS2 device” means a device constructed along theprinciples disclosed in the related patent applications referencedhereinabove.

“IS2B system or IS2B device” means the new and novel in situ samplingdevice of the present disclosure that is based on a modification of theIS2 device.

“Analyte” is understood as any compound that may be present in a samplethat can be captured using a non-aqueous collection matrix and detectedusing an assay or method.

By “cartridge” is meant a container enclosing the solid matrix throughwhich the sample is passed through or over. The solid matrix is enclosedin the cartridge to allow the sample to pass through the cartridge, forexample into an inlet port and out of an outlet port, wherein the solidmatrix is retained within the cartridge.

By “concentration” or “concentration of the analyte” as used herein isunderstood as decreasing the volume in which a given mass of an analyteis present. For example, decrease the volume in which the given massanalyte is present by at least at least 2-fold, at least 10-fold, atleast 102-fold, at least 103-fold, at least 104-fold, or at least105-fold.

“Contacting” as used herein is understood as bringing two componentsinto sufficient proximity (e.g., a groundwater sample containing orpotentially containing an analyte and a non-aqueous collection matrixthat can bind the analyte, a fluid sample and the water intake zone ofthe device) for sufficient time and under appropriate condition oftemperature, pressure, pH, ionic strength, etc. to allow for theinteraction of the two components, e.g., the binding of the analyte tothe non-aqueous collection matrix, the entry of water into the devicethrough the water intake zone. Contacting in the context of theinvention typically occurs in a non-aqueous collection matrix containersuch as cartridge, column, or other device that allows the water to flowthrough the container in a path to allow the water to contact thenon-aqueous collection matrix. Contacting a non-aqueous collectionmatrix cartridge is understood as contacting the matrix within thecartridge with the fluid sample.

“Control system” as used herein is understood as a device such as acomputer or recording device. The control system can be usedpredominantly for mechanical uses, such as positioning the device in thewell. The control system can also be used for turning on and off variouscomponents of the device, such as the pump, opening and closing fluidlines in the pump, directing collection of a time integrated or timediscrete sample, etc. The control system can also be used for thepurpose of data collection in the form of electronic data, or byattachment to a chart recording device. The control system can bephysically attached to the device by wires or cables. Alternatively, awireless control system can be used with the device.

As used herein, “detecting”, “detection” and the like are understood asan assay or method performed for identification of a specific analyte ina sample. The amount of analyte detected in the sample can be none(zero) or below the limit of detection (<LOD), positive and within thecalibrated range, or positive and outside of the calibrated range of theassay or method.

“Distal” is understood herein as meaning further away than, typicallyrelative to the device of the invention. For example, a waste line thatempties distal to an inflatable liner empties on the far side, i.e., theopposite side, of the liner when viewed from the device. The side of theinflatable liner facing the device would be “proximal” to the device.

“Dry sample” as used herein is understood as the non-aqueous collectionmatrix cartridge after it has made contact with a fluid sample, such asgroundwater or surface water, wherein at least one analyte is suspectedof or known to be bound to the non-aqueous collection matrix in thecartridge. A dry sample can contain water or other fluid. All moisturedoes not need to be evacuated from the cartridge. However, the samplecontains no more fluid that will fit in the cartridge with thenon-aqueous collection matrix present in the cartridge. Bothtime-discrete samples and time-integrated samples can be converted todry samples by use of a non-aqueous collection matrix cartridge.Conversion of aqueous to dry samples may occur in the subsurface (i.e.,in situ) or on-site prior to shipping of samples.

“In situ” as used herein is understood as in the subsurface, preferablyat or near the site that the sample is collected. “At or near the sitethat the sample is collected” is understood as at the same or similardepth such that pressure changes have little or no effect on the samplefrom the time that the sample is collected to the time that the sampleis contacted with the non-aqueous matrix. It is understood that lateralmovement within the well will typically have far less effect on pressurein the sample than movement in the depth in the well. In situ contactingof samples with a non-aqueous matrix is differentiated from contactingthe non-aqueous matrix with the sample at the surface (i.e., groundlevel) when the sample is collected in the subsurface. It is understoodthat contacting surface water with the non-aqueous matrix at the site ofcollection (i.e., at ground level) is understood as contacting thesample with the matrix in situ.

As used herein, “interchangeable” is understood as the device beingdesigned so that one or more components of the device can be readilyexchanged for a similar component. For example, lines and non-aqueouscollection matrix cartridges can be joined using bayonet connectors,rapid release connectors, quick connectors, screw connectors,compression connectors, Luer lock, or other similar type connectors thatrequire no tools for the separation or connection of components.Further, non-aqueous collection matrix cartridges can be exchangeddepending on the site of groundwater to be tested, the type and quantityof analyte to be detected, and the quantity of water to be tested.Similarly, tubing or other connectors for example from the pump to thenon-aqueous collection matrix cartridges may be changed depending on theanalyte to be detected to prevent adsorption into the tubing, or thevolume or flow rate of the water to be tested. Interchangeable partssuch as tubing or cartridges can be disposable. Such considerations arewell understood by those of skill in the art.

As used herein, “in vivo microcosm array” (IVMA) is understood toinclude a sampler or testing device as shown in FIG. 9-10, its principalcomponents include: a test bed 650 in fluid communication with amulti-port switching valve 600. The multi-port switching valve 600 iscontrolled to switch the fluid to a plurality of channels A, B, C etc.,wherein the plurality of channels includes at least two channels. Eachof the plurality of channels is connected to at least one in-flowextraction cartridge 602. Analytes of interest from the fluid flow areconcentrated in the at least one in-flow extraction cartridge 602. Theat least one in-flow extraction cartridge 602 may advantageously containat least one extraction medium 604 for capturing the analytes ofinterest. IVMAs may preferably be miniaturized for in vivo applications,such as, for example, implanting to or affixing on the body of a livingorganism.

As used herein, “non-aqueous analyte collection matrix”, “matrix”,“resin”, and the like are understood as material or a mixture ofmaterials that are designed to come into contact with the fluid sampleand, through their relatively greater affinity relative to water, willremove and concentrate the analyte or analytes of interest from thefluid sample including dissolved solid, gas, and particulate materialsof interest. For example, groundwater or surface water can be passedthrough, over, or mixed (i.e., contacted) with the non-aqueous analytecollection matrix, thereby causing this matrix to bind and concentrateone or more analytes. It is understood that the binding properties ofthe materials for one or more specific analytes can depend on variousproperties of the sampled fluid, for example, ionic strength, pH, etc.The material can bind the analyte(s) specifically, e.g., the chelatorEDTA for binding of heavy metals, peptide metal binding motifs,antibodies for binding desired antigens, molecular pockets formed bymolecular imprinting, or specific and nonspecific binding sites relyingon van-der-Waals forces, hydrophobic interaction, hydrophilicinteraction, mixed-mode interaction, hydrogen bridges, affinity bindingsites, etc. Alternatively, the material can bind the analyte(s) based oncharge, e.g., cation exchange, anion exchange or mixed-mode ion exchangematerials. The analyte collection matrix does not need to be a solid. Itcan be a non-aqueous liquid, a gel or a semi-solid that attracts andconcentrates the analytes by the mechanisms mentioned above as well asby chemical partitioning out of the water and into the analytecollection matrix. The matrix can be contacted with the liquid sample inany known format, including a column, bulk binding, etc. Such methodsare well known to those of skill in the art.

“Obtaining” is understood herein as manufacturing, purchasing, orotherwise coming into possession of.

“Operably linked” is understood as a connection, either physical orelectronic, between two components of the device, or a component of thedevice and a remote sensor, data collector, controller, computer, or thelike such that the components operate together as desired. For example,a fluid line operably linked to a non-aqueous collection matrixcartridge is understood as a fluid line that delivers fluid to thenon-aqueous collection matrix cartridge without loss of fluid and at thedesired flow rate. A device operably linked to the controller can bemoved to the desired position in the well, and the pump or othercomponents of the device can be turned on or off using the controller.

As used herein, “plurality” is understood to mean more than one. Forexample, a plurality refers to at least two, three, four, five, ten, 25,50, 75, 100, or more.

As used herein, “real time” is understood as while the process isoccurring, for example, collecting data, and preferably transmittingdata to a device or person, at the same time the sample is beingcollected. The data need not be transmitted instantaneously, but ispreferably transmitted within about 1 minute, 2 minutes, 5 minutes, 10minutes, 15 minutes, or 30 minutes from the time that it was collected,or the collection of the data packet was completed. Data can be sentcontinuously or periodically in real time for monitoring the progress ofa process, or can be sent episodically, e.g., upon overload of anon-aqueous collection matrix cartridge, failure of the device,detection of water table, completion of in well purge, etc.

A “sample” or “fluid sample” as used herein refers to a material,particularly ground water, bulk water, pore water or surface water thatis suspected of containing, or known to contain, an analyte. A fluidsample can include dissolved gases, as well as any dissolved orparticulate solids. Methods and devices of the invention can be used forthe collection of gases as well as dissolved or particulate solids uponselection of the appropriate non-aqueous collection matrix. A referencesample can be a “normal” sample, from a site known to not contain theanalyte. A reference sample can also be taken at a “zero time point”prior to contacting the cell with the agent to be tested. A referencesample can also be taken during or after collection of a time integratedsample. A reference sample is typically a time discrete sample when itis collected at the same site as a time integrated sample.

Example Embodiments

Referring now to FIG. 4, an example of a method for the acquisition ofsamples that accurately represent the bioavailability of pollutants inaquatic and water saturated sedimentary environments. There shown is anin situ sampling device 10 vertically deployed partially in sediment 40containing pore water and partially in bulk water 30. The in situsampling device 10 includes a first intake 12 and a second intake 14coupled together by casing 16. A cone 15, auger or the like is attachedto one end for placement in the sediment 40 or like environments. Flowis indicated by arrows 11, 11A. Both flow rates are controlled by pumps(as shown in FIG. 1A, for example) which are, in turn controlled by a(not shown) controller, such as a personal computer, electroniccircuitry, ASIC or the like. The in situ sampling device is coupled tocontrol lines 21 running in or along a tether 20 which is used duringplacement and removal of the device. The tether 20 and the control lines21 are optional, as the device in another embodiment also can beoperated autonomously with the controls built into the device shell.

In example embodiments the device may advantageously be operated (i) toeffect the deployment of sorptive media in aquatic and saturatedsedimentary environments, in which said media may be selected (ii) tosimulate uptake of pollutants into biological organisms or (iii) foroptimal collector efficiency, including concentration of contaminantsthat exist in concentration levels below the detection limits ofconventional laboratory methods for competitive sample volumes.

In further example embodiments the in situ sampling device mayadvantageously be operated (iv) to collect depth-discrete samples frompore water in saturated sediments in situ, (v) for time-averagedcollection of said samples over arbitrary periods of time, and (vi) foranalysis of transport phenomena (e.g., dissolved vs. particulate).

Active sampling of water using an electric pump is technically morechallenging but can address some of the shortcomings of passivesamplers. As referenced in the pending patent applications above, astrategy for obtaining time-averaged concentrations of bulk water wasintroduced recently by co-inventor Halden in the form of an in situsampler (herein referred to as the IS2 system). Obtaining time-averagedconcentrations of contaminants has the obvious benefit of avoidingmeasurement bias due to unrepresentative grab sampling. The IS2 systemacquires and extracts water in situ during sampler incubation. Thismakes it very cost effective because only the contaminant-charged solidphase extraction (SPE), cartridge is shipped for analysis instead oflarge amounts of water. It also enables simultaneous parallel processingof water with and without filtration to determine total, suspended andcolloidal contaminant mass. In addition, contaminants immobilized on theSPE cartridges have a longer holding time, which affords the freedom ofleaving the samples at room temperature for extended periods of timewithout measurable loss of analyte mass. The active sampling approach isapplicable to a broad range of organic and inorganic contaminantsranging from infinitely water-soluble chemicals (that are captured forexample by ion exchange resins) to highly hydrophobic organic pollutantsthat are captured by molecularly imprinted polymers, activated carbon,C.sub.6-18 sorbents, and specialized extraction resins, many of whichare commercially available.

In the instant in situ device (herein sometimes referred to as IS2B, theadvantages of bulk water sampling in the IS2 system are paired withadditional benefits for pore water analysis, as disclosed in pendingU.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/702,033. By using multi-channelpumps, pore water taken into the IS2B device can be fractionated into(i) unfiltered pore water, (ii) filtered pore water, and (iii)ultra-filtered, colloid-depleted pore water. In addition, parallel useof selected extraction resins enables the selected (targeted) extractionof contaminant groups of (iv) ionic, (v) non-ionic and (vi) differinghydrophobic properties. Elution of these contaminant fractions followedby toxicity assays can inform on the type and identity of unknowntoxicants in a process analogous to the Toxicity IdentificationEvaluation (TIE) approach as described by co-inventor Halden (Editor) inthe publication entitled “Contaminants of Emerging Concern:Ecotoxicological and Human Health Considerations.” Oxford UniversityPress, New York, N.Y. 620 pp. 2010.

In one example embodiment, the in situ method and device informs onsediment contaminants of great ecological and human health significanceincluding organohalide compounds (OHCs), and more particularly,organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) which are persistent hydrophobiccontaminants that are ubiquitous in many sediments. These contaminantsbioaccumulate in higher predators and can produce a range of toxicresponses from lethality to endocrine disruption. Important contaminantsfound at one proposed IS2B deployment site, Lake Apopka, Fla., includep,p′-DDE and dieldrin, ranking #21 and #17, respectively, on the 2010CERCLA Priority List of Hazardous Substances. These compounds arepresent at high levels in soils and in fish in the Lake Apopka/muck farmarea as well as at many other sites around the United States. Emergingcontaminants also pose significant risks and will be examined here. Thehexa-fluorinated insecticide fipronil and its derivatives are known tobe persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic. The two antimicrobialcompounds triclosan and triclocarban are persistent, bioaccumulative,toxic, and endocrine disrupting contaminants of sediments, surfacewaters and soils nationwide and also are known or suspected to promotecross-resistance to life-saving antibiotics used in human medicine. Inaddition, both triclosan and triclocarban have been found to occur inU.S. sediments at concentrations orders of magnitude above those ofOCPs. Due to their antimicrobial properties, they are suspected toinhibit microbial activity and biodegradation of EPA prioritypollutants, including DDE and dieldrin.

Referring now to FIG. 5A-FIG. 5E, there shown is a partially cut-awayview of an example embodiment of the intake of a device for contaminantmass collection in aquatic or saturated sedimentary environments forbioavailability determination. The intake screen shown in FIG. 5A, canbe operably linked to an IS2 device to concentrate on solid phaseextraction media the analyte mass of time-weighted fluid samples.

As shown in FIG. 5C, the intake of an in situ device is modified fordeployment in a body of water or in saturated sediment. A cage 50 isprovided that secures the device and provides a permeable interfacebetween the device and the environment.

As shown in FIG. 5D a mesh sleeve 52 encases the cage 50 and provides aroute by which water may reach the device, while sediments and aquaticlife are excluded. The material and pore size of the mesh may beselected by those skilled in the art as appropriate for localenvironmental conditions.

Referring now to FIG. 5E, the entrance to the mesh sleeve 52 is closedby a solid or mesh lid 54.

Referring now to FIG. 6, having described the in situ device in detail,the operation of the device will now be described to promote furtherunderstanding of the invention. An in situ device 10A may be deployed atany depth in a body of water 100 or may be embedded (i.e., buried) insediment 110. Influent enters through one tube or aperture and effluentis released distally to prevent short-circuiting.

Referring now to FIG. 7A, there shown in an in situ device deployedhorizontally in sediment. When deployed in sediment 110, the in situdevice 10A may be deployed horizontally to collect samples fromnear-surface sediment layers 110S.

Now referring to FIG. 7B, collection from deeper layers D1, D2 may beaccomplished though vertical deployment. In vertical deployment, a cone17 or auger 15 may advantageously be attached to the device, enablingdirect-push deployment or augering to any depth. Filters may be includedin the in situ device 10 to exclude colloidal particles, enabling thedevice to discriminate between transported and dissolved species.Influent enters through one tube or aperture and effluent is releaseddistally to prevent short-circuiting.

In this way the device enables (i) the deployment of sorptive media inaquatic and saturated sedimentary environments, in which said media maybe selected (ii) to simulate uptake of pollutants into biologicalorganisms or (iii) for optimal collector efficiency, includingconcentration of contaminants that exist in concentration levels belowthe detection limits of conventional laboratory methods for competitivesample volumes. Furthermore, this technology enables (iv) the collectionof depth-discrete samples from pore water in saturated sediments insitu, (v) time-averaged collection of said samples over arbitraryperiods of time, and (vi) analysis of transport phenomena (e.g.,dissolved vs. particulate).

Further disclosed are methods for using the IS2B device. In onescenario, the IS2B device is placed in a sediment, kept buried in thesediment until the interstitial water between the mesh and the casing ofthe device is in equilibrium with the pore water of the sediment, andthe integrated pump in the device is then activated to pass the waterthrough the IS2 extraction cartridges. The pump may be operatedcontinuously at a very slow flow rate. During pumping, the withdrawnwater is replaced in the interstitial volume by pore water from thesediment. Alternatively, the pump may be operated intermittently to passthe entire volume of the interstitial water through the extractioncartridges. A piece of tubing running from the IS2B device up to thebulk water may serve to enable replacement of the withdrawn volume ofwater. This process of periodic charging can be repeated once ormultiple times to achieve higher pollutant loading on the extractioncartridges and thus lower method detection limits. Use of the IS2Bapparatus as described above can inform on the concentration ofpollutants that sediment-dwelling biota, such as aquatic worms, areexposed to.

In another approach, the method consists of using the IS2B as describedabove and collecting bulk water concentrations at the same time with aregular IS2 device. Comparison of the results from both measurements caninform on the contaminant ratio of bulk water to pore water.

In yet another approach, use of the ISB2 device for determination ofpollutant concentrations in pore water and the IS2 device fordetermination of pollutant concentrations in bulk water can be combinedwith analysis of resident, sediment dwelling biota (e.g., worm) andresident bulk-water dwelling biota (e.g., fish). Once the Biota SedimentAccumulation Factor (BSAF) and the Bioaccumulation Factor (BF) in bulkwater have been determined, it is no longer necessary to harvest andsacrifice biological specimens to estimate the concentrations in them.Instead, the concentrations in bulk and pore water are determinedconveniently with the IS2 and the ISB2 device, respectively, and theBSAF and BF factors are used to calculate approximate pollutantconcentrations in biota living in sediment and bulk water, respectively.

For organisms that are in contact with both bulk water and sediment porewater (e.g., clams), additional BF may be computed to predict theirlevel of exposure and body burden using the IS2 and ISB2 device.

Referring now to FIG. 8, an example of cartridges coupled in series asused in one example embodiment. Fluid flow 125 is coupled a series of atleast two in-flow extraction cartridges 111. Each of the cartridges isfilled with an extraction medium that scavenges (concentrates) ananalyte of interest from the fluid flow passing through it. Analytes aretrapped on the extraction media and the fluid, depleted of the analytesof interest, is emptied into the environment, a temporary holdingbladder, or individual effluent bags.

In this useful embodiment, capture of the analyte is done by the atleast two cartridges 111 coupled together in series. In order todetermine whether a single cartridge is overloaded, each of thecartridges in series must contain the same resin or filtering media. Theseries configuration of cartridges will show complete capture of theanalyte through determination of breakthrough behavior in the firstcartridge to receive the flow. That is, if the first cartridge isoversaturated resulting in breakthrough of the analyte of interest, thesecond cartridge will capture the rest of the analyte. Presence of theanalyte in the front extraction cartridge and absence of the analyte inthe second (or third, fourth, etc.) cartridge, indicates that the massof the analyte has been captured in its entirety, which in turn enablesthe calculation of average concentrations when considering the volume ofwater processed by the apparatus. Extracted analytes can be processed byprocessor 510, where processor 510 may comprise a sensor apparatus(e.g., a gas chromatograph equipped with a suitable detector) andcomputer processor, such as a personal computer or the equivalent.

Referring now to FIG. 9, an example of a method for enabling thedetermination of kinetic rates within a fluid of interest withoutrequiring storage and analysis of said liquid is shown. The inventionenables the miniaturization of diagnostic equipment such as in situmicrocosm arrays (ISMAs) and in vivo microcosm arrays (IVMAs). In oneembodiment, a method for enabling the determination of kinetic rateswithin a fluid of interest includes directing fluid flow 601 exiting atest bed 650 to a multi-port switching valve 600. The multi-portswitching valve 600 is controlled to switch the fluid to a plurality ofchannels A, B, C etc., wherein the plurality of channels includes atleast two channels. Each of the plurality of channels is connected to atleast one in-flow extraction cartridge 602. Analytes of interest fromthe fluid flow are concentrated in the at least one in-flow extractioncartridge 602. The at least one in-flow extraction cartridge 602 mayadvantageously contain at least one extraction medium 604 for capturingthe analytes of interest. As described below, rates are determined by(i) sequentially channeling the fluid through the extraction flow pathswhere each flow path receives fluid for a pre-selected time duration,(ii) retrieving the charged extraction cartridges, (iii) analyzing theextraction cartridges, and computing the kinetic rate of interest.

In one example embodiment analytes are trapped on the extraction mediaand the fluid, depleted of the analytes of interest, is emptied into theenvironment, a temporary holding bladder, or individual effluent bags.In another example embodiment, as best shown in FIG. 11, the kineticrate of interest comprises the slope of a straight line derived fromdata analysis of the captured analytes from the extraction cartridges.In another example, the at least one extraction cartridge includes aplurality of extraction media that can be arranged in parallel or insequence. In another example, labile analytes of interest mayadvantageously be preserved on the extraction media for stabilization,determination of kinetic rates of interest, without requiring retrievaland analysis of the fluid flow subsamples.

Referring now to FIG. 10, there shown is a system for enabling thedetermination of kinetic rates within a fluid of interest. Fluid flow601 exiting a test bed 650 (as shown in FIG. 9) is coupled to amulti-port switching valve 600 controlled by a control unit 630. Theswitching valve has at least 2 channels A, B, C, etc. Each channel isconnected to an in-flow extraction cartridge 602 filled with at leastone extraction medium 604, as also shown in FIG. 9, that scavenges(concentrates) analytes of interest from the fluid flow passing throughit. Specific analytes of interest can be captured on different in-flowextraction cartridge(s) 602 and extraction media 604 that can bearranged in parallel or in sequence C. Analytes are trapped on theextraction media and the fluid, depleted of the analytes of interest, isemptied into the environment, a temporary holding bladder, or individualeffluent bags.

Extracted analytes are processed by processor 510, where processor 510may comprise a sensor apparatus (e.g., a gas chromatograph equipped witha suitable detector) and computer processor, such as a personal computeror the equivalent. Rates are determined by the method of (i)sequentially channeling the fluid through extraction flow paths A, B, C,etc., (ii) retrieving the charged in-flow extraction cartridge(s) 602and extraction media 604, (iii) analysis of the in-flow extractioncartridge(s) 602 and extraction media 604, followed by analysis of thedata and computation of the kinetic rate of interest, as described inmore detail below in FIG. 11. This method enables (i) the preservationof labile analytes of interest on extraction media for stabilization,determination of kinetic rates of interest (ii), and does so (iii)without requiring retrieval and analysis of the fluid flow subsamples.

This method is suitable for significantly reducing the dimensions ofexisting in situ microcosm array (ISMA) and in vivo microcosm array(IVMA) instrumentation as described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No.7,662,618, US patent application having publication number 2007/0161076,and US patent application having publication number 2010/0159502, all ofwhich are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Forexample, current embodiments of the ISMA have a length of over 20 feet;much of this length is necessitated as room for storage of liquids.Using the here disclosed method, the length of the ISMA device can becut into less than a half. Similar benefits are expected for IVMAdevices. To prevent short circuiting of liquids, processed fluids can bestored in a bladder in the groundwater monitoring well (ISMA), aboveground (ISMA) or in bags within or outside of the body of the carrier ofIVMA devices.

Referring now to FIG. 11, a hypothetical example of data analysis forthe determination of kinetic rates within a fluid of interest isschematically shown. Table 1 below presents hypothetical analysis datafrom labile analytes of interest extracted from a fluid sample as may bepreserved of on extraction media. Curve 505 is a plot of measurements ofthe values of Table 1 along a time line of arbitrary units. In theexample, the kinetic rate is proportional to the slope of curve 505,which follows zero-order kinetics. If the data presented in the middlecolumn of Table 1 would represent logarithmically transformed values(right column), then a plot of the values vs. time would represent asemi-log plot. The resultant slope of the straight line obtained thenwould represent the rate coefficient of a first-order reaction. Otherkinetic reaction orders including second-order and mixed order couldresult from different data, as is evident for those skilled in the art.FIG. 12 illustrates a hypothetical logarithmic data plot 605.

It may be advantageous to measure the values shown in Table 1 inreal-time using a real-time sensor. The information obtained would beimmediately available but would be of no or little regulatory valuebecause the data were not obtained by a certified laboratory. Toincrease the value of the measurements obtained, the present inventionallows for the collection of samples that can be submitted to acertified laboratory. Thus, the invention has value whether it is usedby itself or in combination with a real-time sensor.

TABLE 1 Time Value Log Value 0 10 10 1 9 9 2 8 8 3 7 7 4 6 6 5 5 5 6 4 47 3 3 8 2 2 9 1 1 10 0 11 0Nammo Talley Laboratory ExperimentSite Description

In one experiment, a field demonstration was conducted at an industrialsite located east of Phoenix, Ariz. in the arid southwest of the UnitedStates. The site has been the location of small explosives manufacturingsince the 1960s. Disposal practices at the time have led to the releaseof ammonium perchlorate into the soil matrix and groundwater resultingin contamination of both matrices above regulatory limits. The sourcearea for the perchlorate contamination has been identified as a sludgebed and several monitoring wells have been installed.

The soil in the area is characterized by low organic carbon content andis mostly made up of silty sands and gravels, poorly and well gradedsands, clayey sands and clayey gravels. The groundwater level is around175 ft. below ground surface and groundwater flow is generally to thesoutheast.

Experimental Setup—Laboratory Experiment

All laboratory experiments were conducted using the same equipment asused for the field experiments (glass columns, peristaltic pumps, Teflonstorage bags, Viton tubing). Microcosms were packed with well gradedsediment (0.5-1 mm grain size) obtained during the installation of wellHPA-1 in 2009. The sediment had been stored at ambient temperature andwas dried prior to processing. Since the sediment contained much higherconcentrations of perchlorate contamination than the currently saturatedzone in the source area, sediment was washed with site groundwater toremove excess perchlorate. Site groundwater containing about 604 μg/Lperchlorate was used as the microcosm influent for laboratoryexperiments.

Since perchlorate is largely resistant to chemical treatment in situ andprevious tests had shown a very low population of anaerobic microbes innative sediment at the site, experiments focused on bioaugmentationtests. The following experiments were conducted in the laboratory: 1)site sediment without amendment simulating monitored natural attenuation(MNA); 2) bioaugmentation with sewage sludge and biostimulation withethyl lactate (carbon source and electron donor); 3) bioaugmentationwith sewage sludge and biostimulation with sodium acetate (carbon sourceand electron donor). All experiments were conducted in triplicate. As acontrol influent groundwater was collected in the same fashion asmicrocosm effluent over the duration of the experiment without passingthrough sediment columns. All experiments were conducted simultaneouslyusing the same source of site groundwater.

For bioaugmentation sewage sludge, obtained from 5 different USwastewater treatment plants, was mixed and amended with perchlorate tostimulate growth of microbes capable of perchlorate reduction. For thepurpose of bioaugmentation, 1 mL of sewage sludge was added to eachbioaugmentation microcosm at the beginning of the experiment. Ethyllactate was added at 2.9 mM influent concentration in experiment 2;sodium acetate was added at 8.1 mM in experiment 3. To comparebioaugmentation to the effects of natural attenuation, three columnswere operated without addition of carbon source or biomass (experiment1). All microcosms were operated in up-flow mode at 15 μL/min flow.

The effluent of all microcosms was collected at room temperature inindividual storage bags containing a microbial preservative (Kathon.®.,0.5 mUL effluent). In addition, time discrete samples of the effluentwere collected periodically, sterile filtered, and analyzed for pH aswell as concentration of perchlorate, nitrate, nitrite and sulfate.

After termination of the experiment, composite effluent samples wereanalyzed for the same parameters, and DNA was extracted from microcosmeffluent as well as the column sediment.

Table 2 below lists the experimental data for the various effluents.

TABLE 2 bypass Conc. (final) Time lapsed Rate k Perchlorate [ug/L][ug/L] [days] [ug/L-day] Na acetate 492 0.01 2 246 492 0.01 2 246 4920.01 2 246 615 0.2 21 29.3 548 10.3 21 25.6 682 6.5 21 32.2 Ethyllactate 492 0.01 4 122.9 492 0.01 4 122.9 492 0.01 4 122.9 615 13.3 2128.7 548 12.9 21 25.5 682 40.5 21 30.5 MNA 615 568 21 2.3 548 420.5 216.1

The invention has been described herein in considerable detail in orderto comply with the Patent Statutes and to provide those skilled in theart with the information needed to apply the novel principles of thepresent invention, and to construct and use such exemplary andspecialized components as are required. However, it is to be understoodthat the invention may be carried out by different equipment, anddevices, and that various modifications, both as to the equipmentdetails and operating procedures, may be accomplished without departingfrom the true spirit and scope of the present invention.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for enabling the determination ofkinetic rates of reaction within a fluid of interest comprising:affixing an in vivo microcosm array (IVMA) into or on a body of a livingorganism, where the IVMA includes a test bed in fluid communication witha multi-port switching valve controlled to switch fluid to a pluralityof flow paths, and each of the plurality of flow paths being connectedto at least one interchangeable in-flow extraction cartridge of aplurality of extraction cartridges; directing fluid flow exiting thetest bed to the multi-port switching valve; controlling the multi-portswitching valve to sequentially switch the fluid to each of theplurality of flow paths for a preselected time duration; connecting eachof the plurality of flow paths to at least one different one of theinterchangeable in-flow extraction cartridges, wherein each of theinterchangeable in-flow extraction cartridges includes an extractionmedium; capturing analytes of interest from the flow paths in theinterchangeable in-flow extraction cartridges so as to accumulate thecaptured analytes of interest; analyzing the captured analytes ofinterest; and computing the kinetic rate of reaction for the capturedanalytes.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein, after the capturing analytesof interest from the flow paths, the fluid, being depleted of theanalytes of interest, is emptied into a holding bladder, or individualeffluent bags.
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein computing the kineticrate of reaction for the captured analytes of interest comprisescomputing the slope of a trajectory line and analyzing data fordetermination of reaction orders and rate coefficients.
 4. The method ofclaim 1 wherein capturing the analytes of interest further comprisespreserving labile analytes of interest on the extraction medium forstabilization.
 5. A system for enabling the determination of kineticrates of reaction within a fluid of interest comprising: an in vivomicrocosm array (IVMA) adapted to be affixed to or implanted on a bodyof a living organism, where the IVMA includes a test bed in fluidcommunication with a multi-port switching valve controlled to switchfluid to a plurality of flow paths, and each of the plurality of flowpaths being connected to at least one interchangeable in-flow extractioncartridge of a plurality of extraction cartridges; a conduit fordirecting fluid flow exiting the test bed to the multi-port switchingvalve; a control system operably linked to the multi-port switchingvalve to control sequentially switching the fluid to each of a pluralityof flow paths for a preselected time duration; wherein each of theplurality of flow paths is coupled to at least one different one of theinterchangeable in-flow extraction cartridges, wherein each of theinterchangeable in-flow extraction cartridges includes at least oneextraction medium for capturing analytes of interest from the fluid flowto accumulate the captured analytes of interest on the at least oneextraction medium; and a processor including a gas chromatograph and acomputer processor, the processor being coupled to the plurality of flowpaths, wherein the processor is adapted to operate so as to compute akinetic rate of reaction for the captured analytes.
 6. The system ofclaim 5 wherein the kinetic rate of reaction comprises the slope of astraight line as plotted on a linear or mathematically transformed dataplot.
 7. The system of claim 5 wherein the plurality of interchangeableextraction cartridges are operably linked to the multi-port switchingvalve in parallel or in series.